![]() This hypothesis was tested on eleven color words and related concepts ( red – green, yellow – blue, black – white, gray, night – day, dark – light ) from 245 language families. Building upon earlier perceptual experiments, we hypothesized that sonorous and bright phonemes would be over-represented in the words for bright and saturated colors. This paper investigates the underlying cognitive processes of sound–color associations by connecting perceptual evidence from research on cross-modal correspondences to sound symbolic patterns in the words for colors in natural languages. Even if learning benefits may be modest or cross-linguistically varied, on balance, iconicity emerges as a vital aspect of language. We also review evidence for functions of iconicity beyond word learning: iconicity enhances comprehension by providing complementary representations, supports communication about sensory imagery, and expresses affective meanings. We suggest a number of productive avenues for future research and specify what types of evidence would be required to show a role for iconicity in general learning enhancement. Despite common claims about broader facilitatory effects of iconicity on learning, we find that current evidence for general learning enhancement is lacking. We find that evidence for local learning enhancement is quite strong, though not as clear cut as it is often described and based on a limited sample of languages. We distinguish local learning enhancement (where the iconicity of certain lexical items influences the learning of those items) and general learning enhancement (where the iconicity of certain lexical items influences the later learning of non-iconic items or systems). Here we critically review theory and empirical findings in this domain. Interest in iconicity (the resemblance-based mapping between aspects of form and meaning ) is in the midst of a resurgence, and a prominent focus in the field has been the possible role of iconicity in language learning. This paper also proposes that one reason why small/large concepts are associated with specific speech sounds in the sound-magnitude symbolism is because articulation of these sounds is programmed within the overlapping mechanisms of precision or power grasping. The study validated our view that the high-front vowels and the alveolar consonants are associated with precision grip responses, while low and high-back vowels as well as velar consonants or those whose articulation involves the lowering of the tongue body are associated with power grip responses. ![]() This study is aimed at complementing the picture about which vowels and consonants are associated with these grasp types. ![]() For example, when the task requires pronouncing a speech unit simultaneously with grasp response, the speech units and are associated with relatively rapid and accurate precision grip responses, while and are associated with power grip responses. In line with this, we have shown that there is a systematic interaction between particular speech units and grip performance. Grasping and mouth movements have been proposed to be integrated anatomically, functionally and evolutionarily. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (***p < 0.001 **p < 0.01). responses were produced particularly rapidly when the object's size was compatible with the precision grip, while responses were produced particularly rapidly when the size was compatible with the power grip. The participants had to respond by vocalizing or according to the category of the object (manufactured/natural). In the experimental task, the participants were presented with an image of an object whose size was compatible with the precision or power grip. (Right) The RT effect for study published by Vainio et al. responses were produced particularly rapidly when the hand was shaped into the precision grip, and was produced particularly rapidly when the hand was shaped into the power grip. The participants had to respond, as quickly as possible, by vocalizing the or according to the perspective (above/front) of a hand. In the experimental task, the participants were presented with an image of a handshaped into the precision or power grip. | (Left) The RT effect for the study published by Vainio et al.
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